4.5 Language of Argumentation
The language of argumentation embraces certain terminology or turn of phrase that assists the writer to present a case in an impersonal way. Further, the type of argumentation that the question is requiring is often embedded in keywords found in the question, such as: discuss, analyse, evaluate. Lastly, the introduction of evidence into the context of the argument requires the use of reporting verbs.
Terms that are used in analytical writing:
Factor: One of the circumstances, facts or influences which produce a result
Issue: A point of contention or debate
Concept: A notion or idea
Terms one can use to draw a conclusion:
In conclusion it seems ...
To conclude that ...
It can be concluded that ...
Thus,...
So, in summary ...
It seems clear that ...
... allows the inference that ...
...gives reason for believing that ...
Terms that can be used to show how the conclusions are the result of claims and evidence:
...is shown by ...
...is indicated by ...
...is proven by ...
...is implied by ...
...is established by ...
...is entailed by ...
Terms that can be used so that the direction of argument is made clear.
( They point towards the conclusion of a paragraph):
...so ...
...thus ...
...therefore ...
...hence ...
...it can be concluded that ...
...consequently ...
Terms that can be used to show how claims and evidence lead to a certain conclusion:
...shows that ...
...indicates that ...
...proves that ...
...entails ...
...implies that ...
...establishes that ...
Keywords in a question that direct the writer:
Analyse: break a question/issue into its component parts and explain how they relate to one another.
Assess: estimate the importance or value of something.
Compare: examine similarities and differences.
Contrast: concentrate on the differences.
Criticise: point out the faults, limitations and usefulness of the subject in question.
Define: explain the precise meaning of something.
Describe: give a detailed account of a topic.
Discuss: Explain the meaning of something and present a logical argument exploring it.
Evaluate: weigh up the importance, success or value of something, using evidence to support your view.
Examine: give a detailed account of something, questioning and exploring relevant issues.
Explain: give a precise account of something, with reasons for why or how it is as it is.
Illustrate: use examples from a range of sources to demonstrate the subject of the essay. This may include written description of visual materials, eg., diagrams, photographs.
Justify or prove: make a case for a particular perspective. Establish the truth of something through supporting evidence or logical reasoning.
Review: examine how a topic has been studied and comment on the value and limitations of its treatment.
Literature review: survey the literature written on a subject, outlining key themes, points of discussion and gaps.
State: write the main points relating to the subject.
Summarise: give the main points of something.
To what extent?: Similar to evaluate: explore the case for and against a claim